Gene cloning and sequence analysis of the RPL29 gene and its effect on lipogenesis in goat intramuscular adipocytes / 生物工程学报

The aim of this study was to clone the goat RPL29 gene and analyze its effect on lipogenesis in intramuscular adipocytes. Using Jianzhou big-eared goats as the object, the goat RPL29 gene was cloned by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the gene structure and expressed protein sequence were analyzed by bioinformatics, and the mRNA expression levels of RPL29 in various tissues and different differentiation stages of intramuscular adipocytes of goats were detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The RPL29 overexpression vector pEGFP-N1-RPL29 constructed by gene recombination was used to transfect into goat intramuscular preadipocytes and induce differentiation. Subsequently, the effect of overexpression of RPL29 on fat droplet accumulation was revealed morphologically by oil red O and Bodipy staining, and changes in the expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism were detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that the length of the goat RPL29 was 507 bp, including a coding sequence (CDS) region of 471 bp which encodes 156 amino acid residues. It is a positively charged and stable hydrophilic protein mainly distributed in the nucleus of cells. Tissue expression profiling showed that the expression level of this gene was much higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue and inter-abdominal adipose tissue of goats than in other tissues (P < 0.05). The temporal expression profile showed that the gene was expressed at the highest level at 84 h of differentiation in goat intramuscular adipocytes, which was highly significantly higher than that in the undifferentiated period (P < 0.01). Overexpression of RPL29 promoted lipid accumulation in intramuscular adipocytes, and the optical density values of oil red O staining were significantly increased (P < 0.05). In addition, overexpression of RPL29 was followed by a highly significant increase in ATGL and ACC gene expression (P < 0.01) and a significant increase in FASN gene expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the goat RPL29 may promote intra-muscular adipocyte deposition in goats by up-regulating FASN, ACC and ATGL.

Cloning and expression profile of ZFP36L1 gene in goat / 生物工程学报

The purpose of this study was to clone and characterize the ZFP36L1 (zinc finger protein 36-like 1) gene, clarify its expression characteristics, and elucidate its expression patterns in different tissues of goats. Samples of 15 tissues from Jianzhou big-eared goats, including heart, liver, spleen, lung and kidney were collected. Goat ZFP36L1 gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), then the gene and protein sequence were analyzed by online tools. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the expression level of ZFP36L1 in intramuscular preadipocytes in different tissues and adipocytes of goat at different differentiation stages. The results showed that the length of ZFR36L1 gene was 1 224 bp, and the coding sequence (CDS) region was 1 017 bp, encoding 338 amino acids, which was a non-secretory unstable protein mainly located in nucleus and cytoplasm. Tissue expression profile showed that ZFP36L1 gene was expressed in all selected tissues. In visceral tissues, the small intestine showed the highest expression level (P < 0.01). In muscle tissue, the highest expression level was presented in longissimus dorsi muscle (P < 0.01), whereas the expression level in subcutaneous adipose tissue was significantly higher than that in other tissues (P < 0.01). The results of induced differentiation showed that the expression of this gene was up-regulated during adipogenic differentiation of intramuscular precursor adipocytes (P < 0.01). These data may help to clarify the biological function of the ZFP36L1 gene in goat.

Cloning, identification and functional analysis of the goat transcription factor c-fos / 生物工程学报

C-fos is a transcription factor that plays an important role in cell proliferation, differentiation and tumor formation. The aim of this study was to clone the goat c-fos gene, clarify its biological characteristics, and further reveal its regulatory role in the differentiation of goat subcutaneous adipocytes. We cloned the c-fos gene from subcutaneous adipose tissue of Jianzhou big-eared goats by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and analyzed its biological characteristics. Using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), we detected the expression of c-fos gene in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, subcutaneous fat, longissimus dorsi and subcutaneous adipocytes of goat upon induced differentiation for 0 h to 120 h. The goat overexpression vector pEGFP-c-fos was constructed and transfected into the subcutaneous preadipocytes for induced differentiation. The morphological changes of lipid droplet accumulation were observed by oil red O staining and bodipy staining. Furthermore, qPCR was used to test the relative mRNA level of the c-fos overexpression on adipogenic differentiation marker genes. The results showed that the cloned goat c-fos gene was 1 477 bp in length, in which the coding sequence was 1 143 bp, encoding a protein of 380 amino acids. Protein structure analysis showed that goat FOS protein has a basic leucine zipper structure, and subcellular localization prediction suggested that it was mainly distributed in the nucleus. The relative expression level of c-fos was higher in the subcutaneous adipose tissue of goats (P < 0.05), and the expression level of c-fos was significantly increased upon induced differentiation of subcutaneous preadipocyte for 48 h (P < 0.01). Overexpression of c-fos significantly inhibited the lipid droplets formation in goat subcutaneous adipocytes, significantly decreased the relative expression levels of the AP2 and C/EBPβ lipogenic marker genes (P < 0.01). Moreover, AP2 and C/EBPβ promoter are predicted to have multiple binding sites. In conclusion, the results indicated that c-fos gene was a negative regulatory factor of subcutaneous adipocyte differentiation in goats, and it might regulate the expression of AP2 and C/EBPβ gene expression.

Molecular prevalence of Anaplasma marginale in ruminants and Rhipicephalus ticks in northern Pakistan

@#Anaplasma marginale is the most prevalent tick-borne haemoparasite of cattle and causes huge economic losses to the dairy industry worldwide. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of A. marginale infection in blood and tick samples collected from livestock animals in the districts located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK), Pakistan. A total of 184 blood and 370 tick samples were included in this study. It has never been reported that sheep, goats, and cattle in Tank, Ghulam Khan, Birmil and Miran Shah areas were infected with A. marginale. All samples of blood and ticks were collected through random sampling from March 2021 to January 2022 from cattle, sheep and goats and screened through PCR for anaplasmosis by using primer pairs of Anaplasma spp. Three hundred and seventy ticks were collected from infested hosts (120/184, 64.21%). Among the four morphologically identified tick species, the highest occurrence was recorded for Rhipicephalus sanguineus (n=138, 37.29%), followed by Rhipicephalus microplus (n=131, 35.4%), Rhipicephalus annulatus (n=40, 10.81%), Hyalomma anatolicum (n=31, 8.37%), and Hyalomma marginatum (n=30, 8.1%). The occurrence of female tick was highest (n=160, 43.24%), followed by nymphs (n=140, 37.38%) and males ticks (n=70, 18.9%). Among these ticks, A. marginale was detected in female ticks of R. microplus, and R. sanguineus. Molecular identification of A. marginale was confirmed in 120 out of 184 blood samples and 6 out of 74 tick samples. Overall, occurrence of A. marginale in blood and tick samples was found to be 65.21% and 8.1% respectively. Species-wise occurrence in blood samples of goats were 71.11% followed by sheep 68.31% and cattle 50%. Specie-wise occurrence of A. marginale in tick samples of cattle were 12.5% followed by goats 6.89%. The obtained sequence showed similarity with A. marginale reported from Kenya and USA. We report the first PCR based detection of A. marginale infection in blood samples and in R. sanguineus ticks of goats simultaneously.

True Hermaphroditism in a Goat – A case report

A four-month-old prepubertal female goat was presented to RVP IVRI Bareilly, with the history of an abnormal growth in the vulva. On clinical examination the growth was found as prominent clitoris, and two peanut sized soft structures were palpable at the subcutaneous in inguinal region. Transabdominal B mode real time ultrasound of inguinal region revealed testis like morphology and presence of uterus and ovaries structures subcutaneously. The case was subsequently diagnosed as hermaphrodism.

Identify the Phenotypic Indicators for Prognostic of Hypothetical Litter Size of Black Bengal Goat

The present investigation recorded that the average litter size was 2.03 per doe and the prolificacy rate being 202.92%. The result indicates that the litter size proportion for single, twin and triplet were 28.3%, 40.4% and 31.3% respectively. The present study revealed substantial phenotypic variations among the goats bearing single, twin and triplet foetus. Based on stepwise discriminant function to find out month wise phenotypic descriptors, some important linear traits namely Punch girth (PG), Body Weight (BW), Rump Length (RL), Croup Height (CrH), Clearance of Sternum (CS), Distance between Tuber coxae (DTC), Distance between Trochanter major (DTM), Head-Rump Length (HRL), Body Length (BL), Curved Head-Rump Length (HRCL), Heart girth (HG, Pelvic Triangle (PLVT) and Wither Height (WH); were identified to be significant in discriminating the foetal numbers between groups. Out of these, HRL measurement might be considered as one of the best indicator for higher Litter Size (LZ) during the second, third, fourth, fifth parity. Other best suitable phenotypic descriptors like BL, CS, PG, PLVT and BW could be used to predict probable kidding size.

Reproductive Traits for Identifying Prolific Black Bengal Goat (Capra hircus bengalensis)

The present investigation recorded that the average litter size was 2.03 per doe and the prolificacy rate being 202.92%. The result indicates that the litter size proportion for single, twin and triplet were 28.3%, 40.4% and 31.3% respectively. There was a tendency of increasing body weight with higher litter size and such variation was highly significant (P<0.01). The result revealed that the overall mean age of first estrus was 209.08±2.06 days. Maximum age of first conception was 226.18±5.39 days when the animal gave single birth and the minimum AC was 216.65±4.9 days when it produced triplet indicating that failure of conception was more in single bearing does. Service period were recorded to very significantly (P<0.01) among different litter bearing groups, the highest value was observed in triplet producing does (80.88±4.68 days). This is an important finding to understand that, less Age of Puberty (AP), Age at 1stConception (AC), Days Open (DO) & Kidding Interval (KI) has prominent benefit for multiple foetuses and thus achieving economic benefit.

Incidence of Genital Organ Abnormalities in Female Genitalia of Marwari Goats

The present study was conducted to record various gross genital abnormalities of female genital organs in Marwari goats. A total of 115 genital organs were collected from municipal and local abattoir of Bikaner city, randomly. Slaughtered genital organs were segregated in 3 groups viz. healthy non pregnant, pregnant and abnormal groups based on their visual observations. The incidences of various gross genital abnormalities were recorded. Out of total 115 genitalia collected, 80 were found to be grossly normal (69.56%).The percentage of pregnancy wastage was 11.30% (13 out of 115). Over all 22 (19.13%) genitalia had abnormalities. The common genital abnormalities found were uterine infections (18), ovarian cyst (3) and parovarian cyst (1), respectively. All these genital disorders are causes a big damage to reproductive health of goat and if they are not diagnosed or treated early then they cause infertility.

Caracterização dos sistemas de criação de caprinos e ovinos da Ilha de São Luís no estado do Maranhão, Brasil / Characterization of goat and sheep breeding systems at São Luis Island in the state of Maranhão, Brazil

Objetivou-se descrever o perfil dos sistemas de criação de caprinos e ovinos da Ilha de São Luís no estado do Maranhão. Para isso, realizou-se um estudo descritivo, exploratório e quali-quantitativo com 80 produtores rurais selecionados pela técnica Snowball, no período de fevereiro a abril de 2021. Em relação ao perfil do produtor rural, verificou-se predominância do gênero masculino (93,8%), apresentando faixa etária entre 25 a 60 anos (86,2%). A maioria dos produtores apresentavam ensino médio completo (23,8%) ou ensino superior completo (23,8%) e 88,8% dos produtores não estavam vinculados a organizações coletivas, associações, cooperativas ou sindicatos. Nas propriedades rurais o sistema de criação predominante era o semi-extensivo (73,8%) com presença de apriscos (76,2%) e as criações eram consorciadas com caprinos e ovinos (58,8%). A principal causa de morte nos animais verificada foi a verminose (58,8%). Conclui-se que se faz necessário o estabelecimento de medidas de estímulo às criações na Ilha de São Luís por meio de políticas públicas voltadas aos produtores locais, requerendo, sobretudo, assistência técnica, orientações zootécnicas, educação sanitária e acesso ao crédito, para, assim, deixar de ser apenas uma atividade de subsistência e passar a gerar maiores rendas para as famílias produtoras.

The objective of this research was to describe the profile of the goat and sheep rearing systems on the Island of São Luís in the state of Maranhão. For this, a descriptive, exploratory and qualitative-quantitative study was carried out with 80 rural producers selected by the Snowball technique, from February to April 2021. Regarding the profile of the rural producer, there was a predominance of males (93.8%), aging between 25 and 60 years (86.2%). Most producers had completed high school (23.8%) or higher education (23.8%) and 88.8% were not members of collective organizations, associations, cooperatives or unions. In rural properties, the predominant rearing system was semi-extensive (73.8%) with the presence of sheepfolds (76.2%) and mutual goats and sheep farming (58.8%). The main cause of death of animals was warm infections (58.8%). In conclusion, it is necessary to establish measures to support sheep and goat farming on the Island of São Luís through public policies focused on local producers, which require, above all, technical assistance, zootechnical guidelines, health education and access to credit in order to the farms stop being just a subsistence activity and start generating higher incomes for producing families.

Effect of poly-D-lysine on proliferation and senescence of caprine spermatogonial stem cells in vitro

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) have the unique ability of both self-renewing and to produce progeny that undergoes differentiation to spermatozoa. As SSCs exist in very low numbers, therefore efficient in vitro expansion of SSCs is important prior to their clinical applications. In this study, we tried to improve the functionality of putative SSCs (pSSCs) during culture using poly-D-lysine (PDL) coating. For this, plates were coated with 0.01% PDL with different coating time interim treatments (5, 30 and 60 min) while control remained uncoated. The adequate amount of pSSCs of the goat was isolated and enriched using two-step enzymatic digestion and differential plating methods. Further, the functionality of pSSCs was evaluated by cell growth analysis, cell proliferation, senescence, and the presence of pluripotency (alkaline phosphatase, OCT-4) and SSC related (PGP-9.5) markers. The number and size of pSSCs colonies in 0.01% PDL coating groups were significantly (P <0.05) higher than in the control group. Similarly, pSSCs on uncoated plates expressed significantly (P <0.05) higher

Sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay in diets for goats: Performance, feeding behavior and carcass characteristics

Background: Novel feeding strategies should be developed to produce high-quality meat in current goat production systems. Objective: To evaluate the effects of castration and the association of spineless cactus with sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior and carcass traits of feedlot kids. Methods: A total of 24 male kids (12 castrated and 12 intact), with an average initial weight of 18.5 ± 3.8 kg were allotted to a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design (sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay; intact or castrated), and confined for 70 days. Results: Nutrient intake and animal performance were similar between treatments. Sugarcane bagasse increased, when compared to elephant grass hay, the digestibility of dry matter (66.12 vs 62.88; p=0.005), crude protein (74.26 vs 70.95; p=0.029) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (91.94 vs 83.07; p<0.001). The forage source affected the time spent resting, ruminating and total chewing time, but there was no effect of diet on feeding and rumination efficiencies. Elephant grass hay increased, when compared to sugarcane bagasse, hot carcass weight (9.87 vs 10.79; p=0.025) and hot carcass yield (43.81 vs 46.87; p=0.013). Intact kids produced heavier hot carcasses when compared with castrated kids (10.80 vs 9.86; p=0.014). Conclusion: Feeding intact or castrated kids with sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay do not affect nutrient intake and performance. Feedlot goats have improved carcass traits if kept intact and fed elephant grass hay.

Antecedentes: Se requiere desarrollar nuevas estrategias de alimentación para producir carne de alta calidad en los sistemas actuales de producción de cabras. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la castración y asociación de palma forrajera con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante sobre la ingesta de nutrientes, digestibilidad, rendimiento, comportamiento de alimentación y caracteristicas de la canal de cabritos de engorde. Métodos: Un total de 24 cabritos (12 castrados y 12 intactos) con peso inicial promedio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg fueron asignados a un diseño factorial 2 x 2 completamente al azar (bagazo de caña de azucar o heno de pasto elefante; castrados o intactos) y confinados durante 70 días. Resultados: La ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento animal fueron similares entre tratamientos. El bagazo de caña de azúcar aumentó, en comparación con el heno de pasto elefante, la digestibilidad de la materia seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), de la proteína cruda (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) y de los carbohidratos no fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). La fuente de forraje afectó el tiempo de descanso, de rumia, y el tiempo total de masticación, pero no hubo efecto de la dieta sobre la eficiencia alimentacia y de la rumia. El heno de pasto elefante aumentó, en comparación con el bagazo, el peso de la canal caliente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) y el rendimiento de la canal caliente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Los animales intactos produjeron canales calientes más pesadas en comparación con los castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusión: La alimentación de cabritos enteros o castrados con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante no afecta la ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento. Los cabritos tienen mejores características de canal si se alimentan con heno de pasto elefante y se dejan enteros.

Antecedentes: Novas estratégias de alimentação devem ser desenvolvidas para produção de carne de qualidade nos atuais sistemas de produção de caprinos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da castração e da associação da palma forrageira com o bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante no consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e características de carcaça de cabritos confinados. Métodos: Um total de 24 caprinos (12 castrados e 12 não castrados), com peso inicial médio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante; inteiros ou castrados), confinados durante 70 dias. Resultados: O consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho dos animais foram semelhante entre os tratamentos. O bagaço de cana elevou, quando comparado com o feno, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), proteína (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) e carboidratos não fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). As fontes de fibra afetaram os tempos de ócio, ruminação e mastigação total, mas não houve efeito para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação. O feno de capim elefante aumentou, quando comparado com o bagaço, o peso de caracaça quente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) e o rendimento de carcaça quente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Os animais inteiros produziram carcaças quentes mais pesadas em comparação aos castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusão: Alimentar caprinos inteiros ou castrados com bagaço de cana ou feno de capim-elefante não interfere no consumo de nutrientes e desempenho. Caprinos confinados terão as características de carcaça melhoradas se mantidos intactos e alimentados com feno de capim elefante.

The effect of goat’s milk consumption on the clinical health of middle-aged adults with lactose intolerance

@#Introduction: People with lactose intolerance are suggested to consume dietary items containing less lactose, such as goat’s milk. This study aimed to investigate the effects of goat’s milk powder on the health of lactose intolerant middle-aged adults. Methods: A total of 60 subjects were recruited into this randomised controlled trial. They were divided into four groups and received different dietary interventions (goat’s milk, goat’s milk with curcumin, goat’s milk with coffee, lactose-free milk) for five weeks. Health effects were compared between pre- and post-intervention. Anthropometric and biochemical parameters (blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile, C-reactive protein, and lactoferrin) were evaluated. Dietary intake was recorded using a food record. Results: Fifty-one lactose intolerant subjects completed the study. After ingestion of goat’s milk, there were significant reductions in body fat (p=0.033) and a significant increase in the percentage of muscle (p=0.021). Waist circumference (WC) decreased in both the goat’s milk with curcumin and goat’s milk with coffee groups (p<0.05 for all). Unfortunately, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) dropped after the five-week intervention in the goat’s milk group (p=0.002). Lactoferrin level of the goat’s milk group was higher than other groups at post-intervention (p<0.001). Besides, the goat’s milk with coffee group seemed to consume more carbohydrates after completing the intervention (p=0.034). Conclusion: A five-week intake of goat’s milk reduced the risk of abdominal obesity among middle-aged adults. In addition, it resulted in improved lactoferrin levels.

Effect of Systemic Administration of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor on Rate of Fracture Healing of Bone Defect in Goats as Animal Model

@#Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) serves as an important cytokine in haematopoiesis; released at both physiological and pathological conditions by a range of cells. We hypothesized that the systemic administration of G-CSF would produce an accelerated fracture-healing rate in non-union bone defects; thus, potentially leading to useful clinical applications. Ten male adult Katjang goats, weighing about 15-26 kilograms were randomly chosen and a tibial bone defect was induced in each animal. The defect was maintained by internal fixation with a titanium plate and reinforced by an external fiberglass cast. Post-operative radiographs were performed twice weekly and radiographic assessments were performed by evaluating the bridging and union measurements through a validated method. In the treatment group, the time for bridging and union exhibited statistically significant differences when compared with a control group. The outcomes of the present study establishing a notion that administration of G-CSF besides inducing haematopoiesis, promotes healing of fractures and non-union bone defects as well.

Probiotic Characterization of Enterococcus spp. Isolated from Raw Goat Milk

Abstract: The aim of this research was to determine the probiotic potential and safety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from raw goat milk. Gram positive and catalase negative bacteria were isolated from raw goat milk (n = 61) and identified as LAB. LAB isolates were screened for antimicrobial, probiotic and technological characteristics. LAB isolates showed antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium) and high survival rate at pH 2 (93.54-100.38% after 4h), in the presence of 0.3% bile salts (100.85-108.96% after 4h) and simulated gastric fluid (74.16-80.13% after 3h). Three LAB isolates (1, 3 and 13) with high antimicrobial activity against all foodborne pathogens and probiotics characteristics were subjected to 16S rRNA sequencing and identified as Enterococcus faecium strains. Enterococcus spp. exhibited milk coagulation potential, amylolytic activity, susceptibility to antibiotics and no evidence of hemolysis. Enterococcus spp. isolated from goat milk showed probiotic and technological characteristics and can be used as a starter culture after further safety evaluation.

Descriptive study of congenital anomalies encountered in ruminants in Elazig region of Turkey / Estudio descriptivo de anomalías congénitas encontradas en rumiantes en la región de Elazig en Turquía

Abstract Congenital malformations are abnormalities of structure, formation or function observable at birth that causes great economic losses in livestock industry. In this study, we describe the incidence of the main congenital anomalies encountered in the last year (June 2020-June 2021) in ruminants from Elazig region according to species, breed, age and sex, number of pregnancies, rectal examination, and method of conception employed. A total of 79 congenital anomalies encountered in 73 animals during this study were evaluated. Of 73 animals most of congenital anomalies were calves (84.93%) and males (68.49%). It was determined that the most common type of congenital anomaly in calves was hernia umbilicalis (21.51%) while in lambs and goat kids was atresia ani. Most of these anomalies were formed in the abdominal wall and organs of gastrointestinal system (46.84%). Congenital anomalies in calves and lambs were more frequently when they came from the first pregnancy of their dams, while in goat kids when their dam had the second pregnancy. Most of small ruminant that had congenital anomalies came from dams with multiple gestation. Rectal examinations performed in cattle during the early stages of gestation was probably one of a predisposing factor for the formation of congenital malformations in this specie. More studies that include the participation of diagnostic laboratories are needed to improve the characterization of congenital anomalies that contribute to the implementation of preventive and control measures in the herds of these species in our region.

Resumen Las malformaciones congénitas son anomalías de estructura, formación o función observables al nacer que provocan grandes pérdidas económicas en la industria ganadera.. En este estudio, se investigó la incidencia de las principales anomalías congénitas encontradas en el último año (junio de 2020-junio de 2021) en rumiantes en la región de Elazig. según especie, raza, edad, sexo, número de preñeces, examen rectal y método de concepción empleado . Se evaluaron un total de 79 anomalías congénitas encontradas en 73 animales . De 73 animales con anomalías congénitas, la mayoría eran terneros (84, 93%) y machos (68,49%). Se determinó que el tipo de anomalía más común en los terneros fue la hernia umbilical (21,51%) mientras que en corderos y cabritos fue la atresia anal. La mayoría de estas anomalías se formaban principalmente en los órganos de la pared abdominal y órganos del sistema gastrointestinal (46,84%). . Las anomalías congénitas en terneros y corderos eran más frecuentes cuando provenían de las madres de primera preñez , mientras que en los cabritos cuando las madres tenían su segunda preñez La mayoría de los rumiantes menores con anormalidades congénitas provenían de madres con gestaciones múltiples. El examen rectal realizado en las vacas durante los primeros estadios de la gestación, fue probablemente uno de los factores predisponentes para la formación de malformaciones congénitas en esta especie. Se requieren más estudios que incluyan la participación de laboratorios de diagnóstico para mejorar la caracterización de las anormalidades congénitas y contribuir a la implementación de medidas de prevención y control en los rodeos de estas especies en nuestra región.

Influence of lactation number and parity on milk yield of Saanen goat's breed / [Influência do número de lactação e paridade na produção de leite da raça de cabras Saanen]

The aim of this research was to determine the influence of lactation number and parity on milk yield of Saanen goat's breed. It has been concluded that milk yield was higher for goats that had given birth to twins and three kids than for goats that had given birth to a single kid (P<0.05). The longevity has a great positive impact on production, given that goats in the fifth lactation produced more milk than goats in first or second lactation (P<0.05), while goats in the sixth lactation still produced more milk than goats in first lactation (P<0.05). During the period from 2014- 2019, the research was conducted on a farm of multiparous Saanen goats in Vojvodina (northern part of Serbia). In the observed period, the farm had between 350 and 400 goats per milking, and the research included a total of 1,628 concluded lactations, within which the first lactations were the most 484, then the second 381. According to the number of lactations, goats were grouped into classes from one to seven and from one to three for parity. By comparing each individual lactation, it was determined that in first lactation goats produced significantly lower milk than goats in the rest lactations(P<0.05), except the seventh. Research has shown that lactation number has a significant influence on milk yield (P=0.00). Increasing the fertility of goats significantly affects the production capacity of dairy goats, since does with a larger number of kids in the litter had a significantly higher milk production (P<0.05). Due to the larger number of kids in the litter, milk production also increases. Likewise, it is assumed that the increase in milk yield of goats with two and three kids is a consequence of a larger placenta, i.e. stronger lactogenic activity during pregnancy.(AU)

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a influência do número de lactações e da paridade na produção de leite da raça de cabras Saanen. Concluiu-se que a produção de leite era maior para caprinos que haviam dado à luz gêmeos e três cordeiros do que para caprinos que haviam dado à luz um único cordeiro (P<0,05). A longevidade tem um grande impacto positivo na produção, dado que as cabras na quinta lactação produziram mais leite do que as cabras na primeira ou segunda lactação (P<0,05), enquanto as cabras na sexta lactação ainda produziram mais leite do que as cabras na primeira lactação (P<0,05). Durante o período de 2014- 2019, a pesquisa foi realizada numa fazenda de cabras Saanen multipares em Voivodina (parte norte da Sérvia). No período observado, a fazenda tinha entre 350 e 400 cabras por ordenha, e a pesquisa incluiu um total de 1.628 lactações concluídas, dentro das quais as primeiras lactações foram as mais 484, depois as segundas 381. De acordo com o número de lactações, as cabras foram agrupadas em classes de um a sete e de um a três para paridade. Comparando cada lactação individual, determinou-se que na primeira lactação as cabras produziram leite significativamente menor do que as cabras nas demais lactações (P<0,05), exceto a sétima. Pesquisas mostraram que o número de lactações tem uma influência significativa na produção de leite (P=0,00). O aumento da fertilidade das cabras afeta significativamente a capacidade de produção de caprinos leiteiros, já que com um número maior de cabritos na ninhada a produção de leite foi significativamente maior (P<0,05). Devido ao maior número de cabritos na ninhada, a produção de leite também aumenta. Da mesma forma, assume-se que o aumento na produção de leite de cabras com dois e três cabritos é uma consequência de uma placenta maior, ou seja, de uma atividade lactogênica mais forte durante a gestação.(AU)

Metastatic melanoma in a Saanen goat: clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological aspects - case report / [Melanoma metastático em cabra Saanen: aspectos clínicos, ultrassonográficos e Anatomopatológicos - relato de caso]

This report describes clinical, ultrasonographic and anatomopathological findings in a case of metastatic melanoma in an adult Saanen goat. Clinically, the goat had apathy, an intra-abdominal palpable firm structure, and exophytic keratinized areas on the skin of the udder. Ultrasound revealed non-encapsulated oval structures, with heterogeneous echogenicity and marked central and peripheral vascularization, and hypoechoic hepatic multifocal to coalescent areas. In the udder, there were non-encapsulated oval structures with heterogeneous echogenicity and hyperechoic center surrounded by hypoechogenic tissue. Grossly, there were black multifocal to coalescent areas in the liver, as well as black nodules in mammary and mesenteric lymph nodes, uterus, spleen, and myocardium. Microscopically, multifocal melanocytic neoplastic proliferation was observed in the dermis and junction of the udder epidermis. Most of the neoplastic cells had cytoplasmic granules of melanin. In the liver there were areas of neoplastic tissue compressing the adjacent parenchyma, with central foci of necrosis, mild desmoplasia, and multifocal infiltration of malignant cells into the adjacent tissues. Similar findings were observed in the mammary and mesenteric lymph nodes, uterus, spleen, and myocardium, which characterized metastatic melanoma. Ultrasonography played a key role for establishing the diagnosis of a metastatic melanoma and helped establish a proper clinical management protocol.(AU)

Este relato descreve os achados clínicos, ultrassonográficos e anatomopatológicos em um caso de melanoma metastático em uma cabra Saanen adulta. Clinicamente, a cabra apresentava apatia, estrutura firme palpável intra-abdominal e áreas exofíticas queratinizadas na pele do úbere. A ultrassonografia revelou estruturas ovais não encapsuladas, com ecogenicidade heterogênea e marcada vascularização central e periférica, além de áreas hepáticas multifocais a coalescentes hipoecoicas. No úbere, havia estruturas ovais não encapsuladas, com ecogenicidade heterogênea e centro hiperecogênico circundado por tecido hipoecogênico. Macroscopicamente, havia áreas pretas multifocais a coalescentes no fígado, bem como nódulos pretos nos linfonodos mamários e mesentéricos, no útero, no baço e no miocárdio; microscopicamente, proliferação neoplásica melanocítica multifocal foi observada na derme e na junção da epiderme do úbere. A maioria das células neoplásicas apresentava grânulos citoplasmáticos de melanina. No fígado, havia áreas de tecido neoplásico comprimindo o parênquima adjacente, com focos centrais de necrose, desmoplasia leve e infiltração multifocal de células malignas nos tecidos adjacentes. Achados semelhantes foram observados nos nódulos linfáticos mamários e mesentéricos, no útero, no baço e no miocárdio, que caracterizaram o melanoma metastático. A ultrassonografia desempenhou um papel fundamental para estipular o diagnóstico de um melanoma metastático e ajudou a estabelecer um protocolo de manejo clínico adequado.(AU)

Histological architectures and biometric characteristics of indigenously plastinated organs of goat / Arquitectura histológica y características biométricas de órganos de cabra plastinados localmente

SUMMARY: The histo-morphology and biometry of liver, lung and kidney of goat were studied. The obtained samples were divided into two groups. One set of tissue was processed for paraffin embedding after formalin fixation. The other set was indigenously plastinated. The plastinates were embedded with paraffin without deplastination. Both the non plastinated and plastinated tissues were sectioned and processed for routine staining. The tissues were examined under light microscope for histological architectures and quantitatively assessed the biometric parameters. The non plastinated and plastinated samples yielded mostly similar histological architectures. But plastinated liver showed alterations and artifacts with enlargement of the central vein and hepatic sinusoidal space. Plastinated lung revealed enlarged alveolar sac. Lack of nuclear clarity was observed for all the plastinated samples. The plastinated kidney revealed compactness of the cellular structures and shrinkage induced artifacts with clear renal corpuscles structure and obvious glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule). The biometric measurements of central vein of liver, alveolar sac of lung, glomerulus and glomerular space of kidney of both plastinated and non plastinated tissue were also performed using calibrated stage micrometer. Comparison was done between the biometric data for both plastinated and non plastinated tissue. No significant difference was found in the obtained biometric data of liver and lung. Only a significant difference was observed between the width of glomerulus of non plastinated kidney and width of glomerulus of plastinated kidney. The morphological and biometric study of non plastinated and plastinated organs of goat can conclude that histological slides can be made from indigenously plastinated organs with well preserved histological architectures of the tissues with some rare exceptions. Plastination does not affect the biometric characteristics of the organs. In addition, the comparative morphologic and biometric study of plastinated and non plastinated organs of goat will be useful in education and research.

RESUMEN: En este estudio se analizó la histomorfología y biometría de hígado, pulmón y riñón de cabra. Las muestras obtenidas se dividieron en dos grupos: una cohorte de tejido fue procesada para su inclusión en parafina después de la fijación con formalina. La siguiente cohorte fue plastinada localmente. Tanto los tejidos no plastinados como los plastinados fueron seccionados y procesados para tinción de rutina. Los tejidos se examinaron con un microscopio óptico en busca de arquitecturas histológicas y se evaluaron cuantitativamente los parámetros biométricos. Las muestras no plastinadas y plastinadas produjeron arquitecturas histológicas en su mayoría similares. El hígado plastinado mostró alteraciones y artefactos con un aumento de la vena central y del espacio sinusoidal hepático. El pulmón plastinado reveló aumento del saco alveolar. Se observó falta de claridad nuclear en todas las muestras plastinadas. El riñón plastinado reveló compacidad de las estructuras celulares y artefactos inducidos por contracción con estructura clara de corpúsculos renales y obvia cápsula glomerular (cápsula de Bowman). Las mediciones biométricas de la vena central del hígado, el saco alveolar del pulmón, el glomérulo y el espacio glomerular del riñón de tejido plastinado y no plastinado también se realizaron utilizando un micrómetro de platina calibrado. Se realizó una comparación entre los datos biométricos del tejido plastinado y no plastinado. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en los datos biométricos obtenidos de hígado y pulmón. Se observó una diferencia significativa entre el ancho del glomérulo del riñón no plastinado y el ancho del glomérulo del riñón plastinado. En el estudio morfológico y biométrico de órganos de cabra no plastinados y plastinados se puede concluir que es posible hacer portaobjetos histológicos a partir de órganos plastinados naturales con arquitecturas histológicas de los tejidos bien conservadas, con algunas excepciones. La plastinación no afecta las características biométricas de los órganos. Además, el estudio comparativo morfológico y biométrico de órganos plastinados y no plastinados de cabra será de utilidad en la educación y la investigación.

Gross Anatomy of Urethra and Penis in Uncastrated and Castrated Buck of Black Bengal Goat

SUMMARY: Urethral process, sigmoid flexure, urethra at the pelvic arch and neck of urinary bladder in goats are very much prone to form obstructive urolithiasis. The present study was carried out to establish baseline work on the normal measurement of the urethral passage and different segments of penis of uncastrated and castrated Black Bengal (BB) goat which will be supportive for obstructive urolithiasis management. Different segment of penis along with urethra of 25 uncastrated and 25 castrated male Black Bengal goats were collected from different slaughter house of Chattogram City Corporation. The length and diameter of male urethra and different segment of penis in uncastrated buck were significantly higher (p<.001) than castrated buck. The length of the pelvic urethra was 5.88 ± 0.111 cm and 4.58 ± 0.15 cm in uncastrated and castrated buck respectively. The length of the neck of urinary bladder; root, body, sigmoid flexure, glans penis and urethral process of the penis in uncastrated and castrated buck were 0.688 ± 0.156 cm and 0.38 ± 0.048 cm, 5.02 ± 0.09 cm and 4.24±0.10 cm, 23.48 ± 0.37 cm and 22.74 ± 0.43 cm, 9.2 ± 0.107 cm and 8.18 ± 0.29 cm, 1.92 ± 0.032 cm and 1.44 ± 0.10 cm, 2.32 ± 0.029 cm and 1.78 ± 0.07 cm respectively. The diameter of the neck of urinary bladder, root, body, sigmoid flexure, glans penis and urethral process of the penis in uncastrated and castrated buck were 1.94 ± 0.041 cm and 1.44 ± 0.05 cm, 3.7 ± 0.049 cm and 3.3 ± 0.144 cm, 2.63 ± 0.066 cm and 1.86 ± 0.08 cm, 2.77 ± 0.90 cm and 2.18 ± 0.07 cm , 1.81 ± 0.034 cm and 1.4 ± 0.06 cm, 0.66 ± 0.014 cm and 0.56 ± 0.05 cm respectively. Finally, total lengths of penis in uncastrated and castrated buck were 30.42±0.459 cm and 28.42±0.553 cm respectively. The length and diameter of the neck of the urinary bladder, root, sigmoid flexure, urethral process of the penis are clinically more important for obstructive urolithiasis.

RESUMEN: El proceso uretral, el ángulo sigmoideo, la uretra en el arco pélvico y el cuello de la vejiga urinaria en las cabras son muy propensos a formar urolitiasis obstructiva. El presente estudio se llevó a cabo para establecer un trabajo de referencia sobre la medición normal del pasaje uretral y diferentes segmentos de pene de cabra de Bengala Negra (BB) no castrada y castrada, que serán de apoyo para el manejo de la urolitiasis obstructiva. Se recolectaron diferentes segmentos de pene junto con la uretra de 25 machos de cabras de Bengala negras sin castrar y 25 castrados de diferentes mataderos de Chattogram City Corporation. La longitud y el diámetro de la uretra y los diferentes segmentos del pene en el macho no castrado fueron significativamente más altos (p <0,001) que en el macho castrado. La longitud de la uretra pélvica fue de 5,88 ± 0,111 cm y 4,58 ± 0,15 cm en animales sin castrar y castrados, respectivamente. La longitud del cuello de la vejiga urinaria; raíz, cuerpo, flexión sigmoidea, glande del pene y proceso uretral del pene en el macho sin castrar y castrado fueron 0,688 ± 0,156 cm y 0,38 ± 0,048 cm, 5,02 ± 0,09 cm y 4,24 ± 0,10 cm, 23,48 ± 0,37 cm y 22,74 ± 0,43 cm , 9,2 ± 0,107 cm y 8,18 ± 0,29 cm, 1,92 ± 0,032 cm y 1,44 ± 0,10 cm, 2,32 ± 0,029 cm y 1,78 ± 0,07 cm, respectivamente. El diámetro del cuello de la vejiga urinaria, la raíz, el cuerpo, el ángulo sigmoide, el glande del pene y el proceso uretral del pene en el macho no castrado y castrado fueron 1,94 ± 0,041 cm y 1,44 ± 0,05 cm, 3,7 ± 0,049 cm y 3,3 ± 0,144 cm. 2,63 ± 0,066 cm y 1,86 ± 0,08 cm, 2,77 ± 0,90 cm y 2,18 ± 0,07 cm, 1,81 ± 0,034 cm y 1,4 ± 0,06 cm, 0,66 ± 0,014 cm y 0,56 ± 0,05 cm respectivamente. Finalmente, las longitudes totales de pene en machos castrados y no castrados fueron de 30,42 ± 0,459 cm y 28,42 ± 0,553 cm respectivamente. La longitud y el diámetro del cuello de la vejiga urinaria, la raíz, el ángulo sigmoideo y el proceso uretral del pene son clínicamente más importantes para la urolitiasis obstructiva.

Occurrence of multi-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in artisan goat coalho cheese in northeastern Brazil

The artisanal goat coalho cheese is one of the products obtained that stand out in the dairy goat farming of the Northeast of Brazil. Despite its importance, goat cheese is often made under inadequate hygienic-sanitary conditions and usually uses raw goat's milk, increasing the risk of product contamination. Among the pathogens carried by goat coalho cheese, Staphylococcus aureus stands out, being responsible for cases of food poisoning and persistent infections that are difficult to treat. This study aimed to evaluate the contamination, genotypic and phenotypic resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from artisanal coalho cheese made with goat milk produced in the Northeast region of Brazil. This study analyzed only artisanal coalho cheeses made with raw goat's milk and purchased directly from farms. Twelve samples of artisanal coalho cheeses made with raw goat's milk were collected (1 sample per property) in 8 municipalities in the state of Pernambuco, Northeast region of Brazil. For microbiological analysis of enumeration of Colony Forming Units (CFU/g) of Staphylococcus spp. the methodology recommended by the International Organization for Standardization (2019) and recognized by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply was used. After enumeration, 5 colonies were selected per enumerated plate, a total of 180 Staphylococcus spp. was obtained. These were subjected to thermal extraction of genetic material to search for the nuc gene by Polymerase Chain Reaction, the isolates carrying the nuc gene were subjected to genotypic and phenotypic evaluation of antimicrobial resistance. After the phenotypic analysis, the Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Index was evaluated. In all samples, Staphylococcus spp. and were considered unfit for consumption, with the lowest count being 9.4x103 CFU/g and the highest 6.4x106 CFU /g. Of the 180 isolates, 28.34% (51/180) were positive for the detection of the nuc gene. All resistance genes except mecA, mecC, and norB were detected. Of the 51 S. aureus isolates, 31.37% (16/51) were considered multi-resistant and presented a Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Index above 0.2. After microbiological analysis it was found that all samples of coalho cheese were out of standards and unfit for human consumption in accordance with Ordinance no 146/1996 of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply of Brazil. Furthermore, the contamination of goat coalho cheeses is a risk to public health. During sample collection were found inadequate hygiene conditions in the environment used for cheese production. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus can be attributed to hygienic-sanitary failures in cheese production. From a health point of view, it is even more alarming when it comes to S. aureus carrying resistance genes. Although the 51 S. aureus isolates did not carry the mecA, mecC, norB genes and did not show phenotypic resistance to cefoxitin and oxacillin, all other genes were detected, indicating the circulation of S. aureus carrying the tet(L) genes, tet(M), tet-38, msrA, norA, and norC, which so far had not been reported in the production chain of goat coalho cheese in Brazil. Furthermore, the evaluation of the Multiple Antimicrobial Resistance Index identified the occurrence of multiple resistance to antimicrobials in 31.37% (16/51) of S. aureus at high risk to human health. The results obtained are quite worrying and serve as a warning to the scientific community and the Food Safety and Hygiene Inspection Services.(AU)